{"id":14085,"date":"2017-06-29T17:11:47","date_gmt":"2017-06-29T17:11:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/?p=14085"},"modified":"2019-09-05T15:53:44","modified_gmt":"2019-09-05T15:53:44","slug":"the-gmat-testing-cases-process-specified-demystified-put-into-a-flowchart","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/blog\/the-gmat-testing-cases-process-specified-demystified-put-into-a-flowchart\/","title":{"rendered":"The GMAT Testing Cases Process: Specified, Demystified, &#038; Put into a Flowchart"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-14247\" src=\"\/\/cdn2.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/gmat-testing-cases-process-flowchart-reed-arnold.png\" alt=\"Manhattan Prep GMAT Blog - The GMAT Testing Cases Process: Specified, Demystified, &#038; Put into a Flowchart by Reed Arnold\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/gmat-testing-cases-process-flowchart-reed-arnold.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/gmat-testing-cases-process-flowchart-reed-arnold-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/gmat-testing-cases-process-flowchart-reed-arnold-768x402.png 768w, https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/gmat-testing-cases-process-flowchart-reed-arnold-1024x536.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Did you know that you can attend the first session of any of our online or in-person GMAT courses absolutely free? We\u2019re not kidding! <\/i><\/b><a id=\"bloglink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/classes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><b><i>Check out our upcoming courses here<\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i>.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><b><i><\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It\u2019s become a bit of a running joke in my classes that I say, \u201cThe GMAT is a game of [a thing].\u201d Every time I say it, I make it sound like I\u2019ve revealed the hidden key to GMAT mastery:<\/span><!--more--><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe GMAT is a game of recognizing patterns.\u201d<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe GMAT is a game of specificity.\u201d<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe GMAT is a game of making inferences.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of course, all of these are true, so I stand by them. Here\u2019s another:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201cThe GMAT is a game of considering possibilities.\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For instance, in Critical Reasoning questions, noticing alternative possible causes for some event is often a big part of the right answer. If a person comes in soaking wet and holding an umbrella, and I conclude that it&#8217;s raining, you must think, \u201cHold up, isn\u2019t it also possible that he\u2019s a lunatic who constantly pours water on himself and carries umbrellas because he thinks they protect him from Zombie Martians?\u201d To which I\u2019d say, \u201cTouch\u00e9, that totally seems like a possibility.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/giphy.com\/embed\/d3mlE7uhX8KFgEmY\" width=\"480\" height=\"264\" frameBorder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" allowFullScreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/giphy.com\/gifs\/culture--think-hmm-d3mlE7uhX8KFgEmY\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This skill is also tested on certain Data Sufficiency questions. A very great many of these problems, when you boil them down, have very little to do with \u2018math\u2019\u2014they\u2019re about noticing possibilities given restraints. Sure, sometimes there are some hidden equations you can set up or properties you can use\u2014but often there\u2019s a more straightforward approach. We call it \u2018testing cases.\u2019 <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I always talk about the GMAT testing cases process in my classes, but I\u2019ve realized lately how murky it still is for many students. They have a <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">general<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> sense of what to do (\u2018choose numbers and try to get different answers\u2019), but they often get crossed up or confused as they work through a problem, so I wanted to diagram the clear, repeatable process for testing cases. I give you: <\/span><\/p>\n<h4><b>THE GMAT TESTING CASES PROCESS FLOWCHART OF ZEUS OR SOME OTHER ANCIENT DEITY OF YOUR CHOOSING:<\/b><\/h4>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-14248\" src=\"http:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/reed-flowchart.png\" alt=\"Manhattan Prep GMAT Blog - The GMAT Testing Cases Process: Specified, Demystified, &#038; Put into a Flowchart by Reed Arnold\" width=\"979\" height=\"1006\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/reed-flowchart.png 979w, https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/reed-flowchart-292x300.png 292w, https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/reed-flowchart-768x789.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 979px) 100vw, 979px\" \/><\/p>\n<h5>*FOR QUESTION BOXES, A RED ARROW IS &#8216;NO&#8217; AND A GREEN ARROW IS &#8216;YES&#8217;*<\/h5>\n<p>This might look hellish, but if you practice and get used to it, this is a simple, logical approach for all testing cases situations (one note: on some geometry problems, it\u2019s possible you won\u2019t be testing \u2018numbers\u2019 but testing \u2018shapes.\u2019 The process is the same).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most students, I notice, tend to move pretty well through the top of the chart\u2014this makes sense, it\u2019s the simplest part. Based on where I notice students tend to trip up, here are a few big guidelines to keep in mind: <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1) <strong>The rules <\/strong><\/span><strong><i>must be followed<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>.<\/strong> Always check that the numbers you\u2019ve chosen follow the rules in the statement(s) and question stem. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You are never trying to pick numbers that break these rules<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Never. Never, ever, ever, ever, never, never, ever, try to break the rules. Sing it, Taylor: \u201cWe, are never ever ever, [trying to break the rules].\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/giphy.com\/embed\/uPD6M9fj1elG\" width=\"480\" height=\"241\" frameBorder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" allowFullScreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/giphy.com\/gifs\/uPD6M9fj1elG\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2) <strong>When you pick numbers that <\/strong><\/span><strong><i>happen<\/i> to break the rules, remember that you haven\u2019t proven <i>anything<\/i><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>.<\/strong> All you should do at that point is throw that case out as if it were Meryl Streep\u2019s most recent Oscar. Then, decide if you want to try new numbers or presume sufficiency. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3) <strong>After you\u2019ve gotten one answer to your main question, there\u2019s no point choosing numbers that you know will get you the same answer.<\/strong> For instance, if the main question is: \u201cIs <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> an integer?\u201d and I\u2019ve tested <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> = 4 and it\u2019s followed all my rules (so I have a case where \u201cyes,<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> p<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is an integer\u201d), then there\u2019s no reason for me to test <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> = 10. It doesn\u2019t matter if it follows my rules or not, even if it does, it gives me another \u201cyes, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is an integer\u201d case. So I\u2019ve wasted time on it. If you wanted to test <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">p<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> = 10, it\u2019s possibly because you thought you were trying to break the rules instead of trying to get a different answer to the questions. See Taylor Swift about trying to pick numbers to break the rules. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Students tend to get most mixed up at that second diamond, when they\u2019re trying to choose numbers that both follow the rules <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> give a different answer from they one they\u2019ve already gotten. It can be tough to find numbers that do both those things at once, but don\u2019t let that difficulty get exacerbated by a confusion about the process. Choose numbers that you suspect (or know, but pretend it\u2019s just \u2018suspect\u2019) will give you a different answer, and check that they follow your rules. If they don\u2019t, try to find different numbers that <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">do<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> follow the rules. But always, first, follow the rules. Like I did in high school. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/giphy.com\/embed\/91X2MlgF7dHsA\" width=\"480\" height=\"270\" frameBorder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" allowFullScreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/giphy.com\/gifs\/91X2MlgF7dHsA\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">#Regrets<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s work through this with an example. And because I hate myself, let\u2019s make it my least favorite type of question. Try it yourself first, using the flowchart, and then follow my train of thought as I work through it as well. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are integers, and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> < 0, is <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2014 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> > 0?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1) |<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">| + |<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">| > |<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">|<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2) <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">^<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">y<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> = 1<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 1: Choose numbers to test. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s say x = 2 and y = -3<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 2: Do these numbers follow my rules? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well, 2 + -3 < 0, and |2| + |-3| > |2|, so yes.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 3: What is the answer to the main question in this case? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 \u2014 (-3) > 0, so this answer is \u2018yes.\u2019<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 4: Can I think of different numbers that might follow the rules and get me a different answer (a \u2018no\u2019)? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I think so. Let\u2019s try x = 1 and y = 2 (I\u2019m thinking ahead\u2014I know 1 \u2014 2 < 0, so I\u2019ll have a \u2018no\u2019 answer under my belt).<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 5: Do these numbers follow my rules? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ah, nope. 1 + 2 > 0.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 6: Throw these numbers out. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Back to step 4: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Okay, I get it, if x + y < 0, I can\u2019t have two positives, or that rule won\u2019t be followed. So let\u2019s try two negatives, x = -3 and y = -2.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 5: Do these numbers follow my rules? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(-3) + (-2) < 0 and |-3| + |-2| > |-3| so yes.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 6: What is the answer to my main question? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(-3) \u2014 (-2) \u00a0is not > 0, so \u2018no.\u2019<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 7: Is that answer different from the one I got before? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><strong>I have proven insufficiency for statement 1. Let\u2019s move to statement 2.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 1: Choose numbers to test. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well, I know anything to the \u20180\u2019 power is 1. Let\u2019s try x = -2 and y = 0.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 2: Do these numbers follow my rules? &#8211;<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 + 0 < 0, and (-2)^0 = 1, so yep. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 3: What is the answer to the main question? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">-2 \u2014 (0) < 0, so \u2018no.\u2019 <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 4: Can I think of different numbers that might follow the rules and get me a different answer (a \u2018yes\u2019)? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well, with y = 0, x will always have to be negative to follow my first rule, and this would get me the same \u2018no\u2019 answer. But I also know 1 to any power is also 1. So let\u2019s try x = 1 and y = -2.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 5: Do these numbers follow my rules? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 + (-2) < 0, and 1^(-2) = 1, so yes.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 6: What is the answer to the main question?<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1 \u2014 (-2) > 0, so \u2018yes.\u2019 <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 7: Is that answer different from the one I got before? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yes.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><strong>I have proven insufficiency for statement 2. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now we get to take them together. This is when things get really fun.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ince y = 0 is a nice easy case for our second statement, let\u2019s start there again: <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 1: Choose numbers to test.<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Let\u2019s go with x = -2 and y = 0.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 2: Do these numbers follow my rules? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nope. |-2| + |0| is not > |-2|\u2026 Huh. I realize now that y cannot be zero. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 3: Throw these numbers out.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 1 again: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well, since y can\u2019t be zero, let\u2019s go with x = 1 and y = -2. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 2: Does this follow my rules? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 + -2 < 0, |1| + |-2| > |1|, and 1^(-2) = 1. So yes. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 3: What answer to my main question do I get? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1 \u2014 (-2) > 0, so \u2018yes.\u2019<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 4: Can I think of different numbers that might follow the rules and get me a different answer (a \u2018no\u2019)? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Well, I think possibly. Let\u2019s see. x = 1 and y = 4. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 5: Do they follow my rules? <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No. 1 + 4 is not < 0. That\u2019s right, they can\u2019t both be positive. <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Step 6: Throw these numbers out. Note that I have NOT shown insufficiency yet. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Back to step 4: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Erm&#8230;well\u2026 How about 1 and -4? Eh, hold up, that\u2019s just going to get me another \u2018yes\u2019 because 1 \u2014 (-4) > 0. If x = 1, then y has to be negative\u2026 This will always give me a \u2018yes.\u2019 Could x be negative 1? Well, yes, if y is even\u2026 Okay. x = -1, y = \u2026can\u2019t be zero\u2026 can\u2019t be two or greater because (-1) + (2) > 0\u2026 <\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So y = -2? Oh, no, (-1) \u2014 (-2) > 0\u2026this would be another \u2018yes\u2019 answer to my main question\u2026<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>I can\u2019t think of any other numbers. I\u2019m going to just say that together we have sufficiency. <\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><i>C.<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And that is correct. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was a challenging example, I thought. I needed to see what cases were possible based on my knowledge of number properties, but I couldn\u2019t just use the properties alone (perhaps you could, in which case, I bow to you). There are several rules to keep track of. The key is that I knew exactly what I was doing at every step of the way, and exactly what I would need to do next based on the possible outcomes. I was always working with a single goal in mind: to choose cases that both follow my rules AND result in two different answers to the main question.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also notice towards the end, I was able to intuit more which numbers would break the rules and which numbers would only give me the same answer I\u2019d already gotten. As you work through the problem, if you\u2019ve used good logic and process, your understanding of what the numbers you\u2019re thinking of will do should become more instinctive.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obviously, you won\u2019t write out \u2018step 1, step 2, etc\u2026\u2019 on the GMAT. But some organization and structure can help. I often make a testing cases table. The one for this problem looks like this:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-14087\" src=\"\/\/cdn2.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/testing-cases-table-example.png\" alt=\"Manhattan Prep GMAT Blog - The GMAT Testing Cases Process by Reed Arnold\" width=\"1642\" height=\"1230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/testing-cases-table-example.png 1642w, https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/testing-cases-table-example-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/testing-cases-table-example-768x575.png 768w, https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/06\/testing-cases-table-example-1024x767.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1642px) 100vw, 1642px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The bits in red are some of the things that are happening in my head as I work. Also, usually I\u2019d cross out cases that broke one of my rules, but for clarity here, I left them un-crossed. And notice that sometimes I know what the answer to my main question will be as soon as I pick the numbers, but nonetheless, for the sake of the flowchart, I act like I don\u2019t, and I check to make sure the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rules<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are followed before I allow myself to consider that answer. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are a few more advanced habits and skills to use during the GMAT testing cases process, but before you think about these, you have to make sure you\u2019re 100% clear on the process itself. So crack open your OG and work through a few DS problems specifically following that flowchart until the process is ingrained. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After all, the GMAT is a game of process.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><b><i>Want some more GMAT tips from Reed? Attend the first session of one of his <\/i><\/b><a id=\"bloglink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/classes\/#instructor\/366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><b><i>upcoming GMAT courses <\/i><\/b><\/a><b><i>absolutely free, no strings attached. Seriously.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em><strong><a id=\"bloglink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/instructors\/reed-arnold\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reed Arnold<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/instructors\/reed-arnold\/?utm_source=manhattanprep.com%2Fgmat%2Fblog&#038;utm_campaign=GMAT%20Blog&#038;utm_medium=blog&#038;utm_content=Reed%20Arnold%20Bio%20Link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-12946 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/d27gmszdzgfpo3.cloudfront.net\/gmat\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/18\/2017\/01\/reed-arnold-150x150.png\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" data-pin-nopin=\"true\" \/><\/a> is a Manhattan Prep instructor based in New York, NY.<\/strong> He has a B.A. in economics, philosophy, and mathematics and an M.S. in commerce, both from the University of Virginia. He enjoys writing, acting, Chipotle burritos, and teaching the GMAT.\u00a0<a id=\"bloglink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/classes\/#instructor\/366\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Check out Reed\u2019s upcoming GMAT courses here.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Did you know that you can attend the first session of any of our online or in-person GMAT courses absolutely free? We\u2019re not kidding! Check out our upcoming courses here. It\u2019s become a bit of a running joke in my classes that I say, \u201cThe GMAT is a game of [a thing].\u201d Every time I [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":158,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,873,929,874,52871,930,2,8],"tags":[53105,52795],"yst_prominent_words":[],"class_list":["post-14085","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-data-suff","category-for-current-studiers","category-gmat-prep","category-gmat-resources","category-gmat-strategies","category-gmat-study-guide","category-how-to-study","category-quant-on-gmat","tag-gmat-testing-cases-process","tag-testing-cases"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14085","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/158"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14085"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14085\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14283,"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14085\/revisions\/14283"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14085"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14085"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14085"},{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.manhattanprep.com\/gmat\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words?post=14085"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}